Analisi saggiatore galileo biography

The Jesuits were offended, [ 8 ] [ 9 ] and Grassi soon replied with a polemical tract of his own, The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance Libra astronomica ac philosophica , [ 12 ] under the pseudonym Lothario Sarsio Sigensano, purporting to be one of his own pupils. The Assayer was Galileo's devastating reply to the Astronomical Balance. Galileo's dispute with Grassi permanently alienated many Jesuits, [ 19 ] and Galileo and his friends were convinced that they were responsible for bringing about his later condemnation, [ 20 ] although supporting evidence for this is not conclusive.

In Galileo may have been silenced on Copernicanism. The election of Barberini seemed to assure Galileo of support at the highest level in the Church. A visit to Rome confirmed this. The Assayer is a milestone in the history of science: here Galileo describes the scientific method , which was quite a revolution at the time. The title page of The Assayer shows the crest of the Barberini family , featuring three busy bees.

The book was dedicated to the new pope. This book was edited and published by members of the Lynx. In The Assayer Galileo mainly criticized Grassi's method of inquiry, heavily biased by his religious belief and based on ipse dixit , rather than his hypothesis on comets. Furthermore, he insisted that natural philosophy i. According to the title page, he was the philosopher i.

Natural philosophy physics spans the gamut from processes of generation and growth represented by a plant to the physical structure of the universe, represented by the cosmic cross-section. Mathematics, on the other hand, is symbolized by telescopes, and an astrolabe. The Assayer contains Galileo's famous statement that mathematics is the language of science.

Only through mathematics can one achieve lasting truth in physics. Those who neglect mathematics wander endlessly in a dark labyrinth. From the book: [ 23 ]. Philosophy [i. It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometrical figures, without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it; without these, one is wandering around in a dark labyrinth.

Galileo used a sarcastic and witty tone throughout the essay. In The Assayer Galileo described heat as an artifact of our minds. He wrote that heat, pressure, smell and other phenomena perceived by our senses are apparent properties only, caused by the movement of particles, which is a real phenomenon. Galileo's championing of heliocentrism and Copernicanism was controversial during his lifetime, when most subscribed to either geocentrism or the Tychonic system.

He met with opposition from astronomers, who doubted heliocentrism because of the absence of an observed stellar parallax. The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in , which concluded that heliocentrism was "foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture.

He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", and forced to recant. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest. While under house arrest, he wrote one of his best-known works, Two New Sciences, in which he summarized work he had done some forty years earlier on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials.

He has been called the "father of observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", the "father of scientific method", and the "father of science". Galileo became an accomplished lutenist himself and would have learned early from his father a scepticism for established authority. When Galileo Galilei was eight, his family moved to Florence, but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two years.

He then was educated in the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa, 35 km southeast of Florence. Although Galileo seriously considered the priesthood as a young man, at his father's urging he instead enrolled at the University of Pisa for a medical degree. In , when he was studying medicine, he noticed a swinging chandelier, which air currents shifted about to swing in larger and smaller arcs.

Analisi saggiatore galileo biography

Galileo had deliberately been kept away from mathematics, since a physician earned a higher income than a mathematician. However, after accidentally attending a lecture on geometry, he talked his reluctant father into letting him study mathematics and natural philosophy instead of medicine. He created a thermoscope, a forerunner of the thermometer, and in published a small book on the design of a hydrostatic balance he had invented.

Galileo also studied disegno, a term encompassing fine art, and in obtained the position of instructor in the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno in Florence, teaching perspective and chiaroscuro. While a young teacher at the Accademia, he began a lifelong friendship with the Florentine painter Cigoli, who included Galileo's lunar observations in one of his paintings.

In , he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa. In , his father died, and he was entrusted with the care of his younger brother Michelagnolo. In , he moved to the University of Padua where he taught geometry, mechanics, and astronomy until During this period, Galileo made significant discoveries in both pure fundamental science as well as practical applied science.

His multiple interests included the study of astrology, which at the time was a discipline tied to the studies of mathematics and astronomy. Galileo is perhaps the first to clearly state that the laws of nature are mathematical. In The Assayer he wrote "Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures; In broader terms, this aided the separation of science from both philosophy and religion; a major development in human thought.

By the standards of his time, Galileo was often willing to change his views in accordance with observation. Modern philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend also noted the supposedly improper aspects of Galileo's methodology, but he argued that Galileo's methods could be justified retroactively by their results. The bulk of Feyerabend's major work, Against Method , was devoted to an analysis of Galileo, using his astronomical research as a case study to support Feyerabend's own anarchistic theory of scientific method.

As he put it: 'Aristotelians I do not criticize them for that; on the contrary, I favour Niels Bohr's "this is not crazy enough. This provided a reliable foundation on which to confirm mathematical laws using inductive reasoning. Galileo showed a remarkably modern appreciation for the proper relationship between mathematics, theoretical physics, and experimental physics.

He understood the parabola, both in terms of conic sections and in terms of the ordinate y varying as the square of the abscissa x. Galilei further asserted that the parabola was the theoretically ideal trajectory of a uniformly accelerated projectile in the absence of friction and other disturbances. He conceded that there are limits to the validity of this theory, noting on theoretical grounds that a projectile trajectory of a size comparable to that of the Earth could not possibly be a parabola, but he nevertheless maintained that for distances up to the range of the artillery of his day, the deviation of a projectile's trajectory from a parabola would only be very slight.

Thirdly, he recognized that his experimental data would never agree exactly with any theoretical or mathematical form, because of the imprecision of measurement, irreducible friction, and other factors. According to Stephen Hawking , Galileo probably bears more of the responsibility for the birth of modern science than anybody else, and Albert Einstein called him the father of modern science.

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